Wednesday, October 30, 2019

International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 6

International Business - Essay Example These basic characteristics of Hong Kong assist the investors to invest more in the regional and global markets. Global reports state that Hong Kong continues to be the Asia’s second and world’s third major recipient of ‘Foreign Direct Investment’ (FDI). Furthermore, in accordance with the report presented by the World Bank, it can be ascertained that Hong Kong is considered to have bagged the second position associated with ease in conducting business within the region. Hong Kong government has implemented advanced measures in endorsing a market that entails policy related to minimum government interference. In Hong Kong, foreign investments are readily welcome and there exists no law for protecting the local business against the international competitors. Another advantage which Hong Kong enjoys is its location in central Asia from where all the key markets are at a distance of merely four hours by air (PwC, 2012). This report intends to discuss the strat egic operational facets related to a major British international retailer, which wants to expand its business in one of the Asian Dragon’s i.e. Hong Kong. It provides an insight about the implications of political, cultural, economic and ethical risks associated with the foreign business. Identification along with evaluation of the opportunities frames a vital part of the study with the inclusion of appropriate examples. Furthermore, it will provide findings and recommendations related to the market entry strategy required for the international retailer to enter the Hong Kong market. The key aim of the report would be to reveal the attractiveness of Hong Kong in terms of potential return on investment. Based on the analysis, the feasibility of the nation would be determined and accordingly recommendation would be placed to the management of the retailer whether it can invest or not. Critical Analysis of: Political Risk Political factors of any region frame an important consti tuent for new business setup. It frames the bases of the policies and regulations that are needed to be adhered by the new business setup for growth and continuation of trade. For any foreign investors, it becomes necessary for them to acquire a vivid understanding about the political conditions prevailing within that particular region. If a particular region enjoys favourable political relationships, it initiates stable business environment and facilitates to accelerate the international collaboration in many of the areas. Furthermore, stability in political conditions further increases the foreign business opportunities by lowering the risk factors. Considering Hong Kong with regard to the political condition, ‘The HK Special Administrative Region (SAR)’ was basically headed by Donald Tsang, whose tenure of being the Chief Executive ended up in the year 2012. Furthermore, Hong Kong is considered to be a free and an open society, where the courts are free to take indep endent decisions, human rights are greatly respected, stable law is abided by the citizens and they are empowered with the ability of changing their government. The various political parties being prevalent within the

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Interactions between Pr(III) Sm(III) Cations

Interactions between Pr(III) Sm(III) Cations pH-metric study of substituted3,5-diaryl isoxazolines complexes in 70% Dioxane solvent media . S.A.Thorat1,S.D.Thakur2 ABSTRACT:- The complex formation between Pr(III)Sm(III) metal ions and 3-(2-hydroxy-3-nitro-5-methylphenyl)-5-(2-phenylethenyl)isoxazoline[HNMP2EI]L1,3-(2-hydroxy-3-bromo-4-nitro-5-methyl)-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)isoxazoline[HBNM4MI]L2,3-(2-hydroxy-3-bromo-4-nitro-5-methyl)-5-(3-nitrophenyl)isoxazoline[HBNM3NI]L3have been studied at 0.1M Ionic Strength (26 ±0.1)oC in 70% Dioxane water mixture by Bjerrum method as adopted by Calvin Wilson .It is observed that Pr(III)Sm(III) metal ions form 1:1 1:2 complexes with ligand L1,L2L3.The data obtained were used to estimate compare the values of proton ligand stability constant (pK) metal ligand stability constant (log K).From estimated data (pK log K),the effect of substituents were studied. Key Words:-Substituted 3,5-diarylisoxazoline,Dioxane-water mixture,stability constant. 1.INTRODUCTION:- The studies in metal ligand complexes in solution of a number of metal ion with carboxylic acids, oximes, phenol etc. Would be interesting which throw light on the mode of storage and transport of metal ions in biological Kingdom.Metal with the view to understand the bioinorganic chemistry of metal ions, Banergee et al[1] have synthesized a no. of mixed ligand alkaline earth metal complexes. Bjerrums [2] dissertation has taken the initiative to develop field. Metal complexation not only brings the reacting molecules together to give activated complex [3] but also polarized electrons from the ligand towards the metal. The relation between stability and basicity of ligands is indicated by the formation constant and free energy change value Bulkier group increases the basicity of ligands as well as stability. The stability of complexes is determined by the nature of central metal atom and ligands. Poddar et al [4] investigated stability constants of some substituted pyrazolines,isoxalin e and diketone Karalmai et al [5] have studied formation constants and thermodynamic parameters of bivalent metal ion complexes with3-amino-5-ethyl isoxazole Schiff bases and N,N;N,O and O,O donar ligands in solution.Recently Tihile [6] studies on interaction between cu (II), Cr(II), Nd(II) and Pr(II) metal ions and substituted hydroxyl chalcones at 0.1 M ionic  strength pH metrically. Thakur et al [7,8] have studies the influence of dielectric constants of medium on the complex equilibrium of substituted hydroxyl-1,3- propandiones with Cr(II) metal ions and studies on interaction between Cu(II), Cr(II) and Ni(II) metal ions at 0.1M ionic strength pH metrically. Isoxazolines posses medicinal activities such as anti-inflammatory[9],antibacterial,anticonvulsant[10],antibiotic[11],antituberculer[12], antifungal[13]and anxiolytic activity[14]. In present work an attempt has been made to study the interactions between Pr(III)Sm(III) Cations At 0.1 M Ionic Strength with Ligand at 0.1 ionic strength,pH metrically in 70% Dioxane-water mixture. 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS The ligands L1,L2,L3 was synthesized in the laboratory by known literature method. The purity of these compounds exceeds 99.5% and structures were confirmed by NMR, IR and melting points. The stock solutions of the ligand was prepared by dissolving required amount of ligand in a minimum volume of dioxane subsequently diluted to final volume. Metal ion solution was prepared by dissolving metal nitrate (Sigma Aldrich) and standardized by EDTA titration method as discussed in literature . Carbonate free sodium hydroxide solution was prepared by dissolving the Analar pellets in deionised water and solution was standardized 22. The stock solution of percholric acid was prepared and used after standardization 23. 2.1. Measurements All measurements were carried out at (26 ±0.1) 0C. Systronic microprocessor based pH meter with magnetic stirrer and combined glass and calomel electrode assembly used for pH measurements. The sensitivity of pH meter is 0.01 units. The instrument could read pH in the range 0.00 to 14.00 in the steps of 0.005. The pH meter was switched on half an hour before starting the titration for initial warm up of the instrument. It was calibrated before each titration with an aqueous standard buffer solution of pH 7.00 and 9.20 at (26 ±0.1) 0C prepared from a Qualigens buffer tablets. The hydrogen ion concentration was measured with combined glass electrode. 2.2. Procedure The experimental procedure involved the titrations of i. Free acid HClO4 (0.01 mol.dm-3) ii. Free acid HClO4 (0.01 mol.dm-3) and ligand (20 x 10-4 mol.dm-3) iii. Free acid HClO4 (0.01 mole dm-3) and ligand (20 x 10-4 mol.dm-3) and metal ion (4 x 10-4mol.dm-3) against standard carbonate free sodium hydroxide (0.15 mol.dm-3) solution using Calvin-Bjerrum and Calvin-Wilson pH titration techniques. The ionic strength of all the solutions were maintained constant by adding appropriate amount of NaClO4 solution. All titrations were carried out in 70 percentages of Dioxane-water mixtures and reading were recorded for each 0.1 ml addition. The curves of pH against volume of NaOH solution were plotted (fig 1-3). The Proton-Ligand constants were calculated from pH values obtained from the titration curves using the Irvin-Rossotti method and MATLAB computer program (Table 1) . 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The extent of deviation may be the dissociation of -OH group. 3-(2-hydroxy-3-nitro-5-methylphenyl)-5-(2-phenylethenyl)isoxazoline[HNMP2EI]L1,3-(2-hydroxy-3-bromo-4-nitro-5-methyl)-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)isoxazoline[HBNM4MI]L2,3-(2-hydroxy-3-bromo-4-nitro-5-methyl)-5-(3-nitrophenyl)isoxazoline[HBNM3NI]L3 may be considered as a monobasic acid having one replaceable H+ ion from phenolic -OH group and can be represented as HL H+ + L The titration data were used to construct the curves [acid curve (A), acid + ligand curve (A+L) and acid + ligand + metal ion curve (A+L+M)] between volume of NaOH against pH.The proton-ligand formation number nA were calculated by Irving and Rossotti expression (Table1) Where ÃŽ ³ denotes the number of dissociable protons, N is the concentration of sodium hydroxide(0.15 mol.dm-3), (V2-V1) is the measure of displacement of the ligand curve relative to acid curve, where V2 and V1 are the volume of alkali added to reach the same pH reading to get accurate values of (V2-V1): the titration curves were drawn on an enlarged scale: E0 and TL0are the resultant concentration of perchloric acid and concentration of Ligand, respectively. V0 is the initial volume of reaction mixture (50 cm3). Proton-Ligand stability constant pk values of Ligand were calculated by algebraic method point wise calculation and also, estimated from formation curves nA Vs pH (Half integral method) by noting pH at which nA = 0.5[Bjerrum 1957] (Table 2). Metal-Ligand stability constants (log k) were determined by the half integral method by plotting à ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Vs pL. The experimental à ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ values determined using expression Where N, E0, Vo and V2have same significance as in equation (1), V3 is the volume of NaOH added in the metal ion titration to attain the given pH reading and TM0 (4 x 10-4 mol dm-3) is the concentration of metal ion in reaction mixture. The stability constants for various binary complexes have been calculated ( Table 3). 3.1. Metal Ligand Stability Constant (Log K) It is observed that (Table3 a-c ) sufficiently large difference between log K1 logK2Values of Sm(III)for ligand L1 L2Pr(III) for ligand L3 indicates the stepwise formation of complex between metal ion and ligand except Pr(III)for ligand –L1;L2 Sm(III)for ligand L3. It showed that less difference between log K1 log K2 values indicates complexes are occurring simultaneously. The higher value of ratio(Log K1/ Log K2) forPr(III)- Ligand- L1 L3 Sm(III)-ligand-L2 complex indicates the more stable stepwise complex formation as compare to Sm(III) –Ligand-L1 L3 Pr(III)-Ligand L2 complexes. 3.2. Proton-Ligand stability constant (pK):- It is observed from titration curve in (fig.1,2,3)shows that the ligand curves starts deviating from free acid (HClO4) curves at pH > 2.12,2.0,2.14 respectively. The extent of deviation s may be the dissociation of –OH group completely. 4. CONCLUSION From the titration curve, it is observed that the departure between (Acid + Ligand) curve (Acid+Ligand +Metal) Curve for all system of L1,L2,L3 started from pH=2.12 to 3.38, this indicate the commencement of complex formation. Also change in color from yellow to brown in pH range from 3.35 to 10.07 during the titration showed the complex formation between Metal Ligand. Table no.1 :Proton Ligand Formation number (à ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ ¦A) at (26 ±0.1)0C and at ionic strength  µ=0.1 moldm-3 NaClO4 in 70%Dioxane-Water mixture. a) System : HBMP2EI(L1) PH V1 V2 V2 – V1 à ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ ¦A 4.42 4.70 5.07 5.14 5.21 5.42 5.63 6.00 6.14 6.21 6.28 6.35 6.37 6.42 6.49 6.70 6.84 7.00 7.35 7.42 7.56 7.70 8.00 8.35 8.42 8.56 8.70 9.00 9.35 9.70 3.2518 3.2519 3.2743 3.2743 3.2743 3.3000 3.3330 3.3330 3.3330 3.3413 3.3413 3.3572 3.3589 3.3660 3.3661 3.3662 3.4496 3.4582 3.4662 3.4662 3.4867 3.4867 3.5000 3.5000 3.5330 3.5332 3.5660 3.6330 3.6660 3.7661 3.4117 3.4501 3.5030 3.5039 3.5060 3.5327 3.5659 3.5660 3.5660 3.6083 3.6293 3.6568 3.6589 3.6807 3.6889 3.6977 3.7824 3.7912 3.8159 3.8159 3.8464 3.8509 3.8670 3.8670 3.9112 3.9119 3.9502 4.0330 4.1227 4.2487 0.1599 0.1982 0.2287 0.2296 0.2317 0.2327 0.2329 0.2330 0.2330 0.2670 0.2880 0.2996 0.3000 0.3147 0.3228 0.3315 0.3328 0.3330 0.3497 0.3497 0.3597 0.3642 0.3670 0.3670 0.3782 0.3787 0.3842 0.4000 0.4567 0.4826 0.7597 0.7023 0.6566 0.6552 0.6520 0.6507 0.6504 0.6503 0.6503 0.5996 0.5681 0.5506 0.5502 0.5282 0.5608 0.5030 0.5018 0.5016 0.4767 0.4767 0.4619 0.4552 0.4512 0.4512 0.4349 0.4342 0.4260 0.4037 0.3192 0.2805 b) System : HBNM4MI(L2) PH V1 V2 V2 – V1 à ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ ¦A 3.35 3.37 3.56 3.70 4.00 4.35 4.37 4.42 4.49 5.07 5.14 5.21 5.42 5.63 6.00 6.14 6.21 6.28 6.35 6.37 6.42 6.49 6.63 6.84 7.00 7.35 7.42 7.56 7.70 8.00 8.35 8.42 8.56 8.70 9.00 9.35 9.49 9.63 9.70 9.84 9.98 10.00 3.2021 3.2024 3.2038 3.2042 3.2083 3.2475 3.2482 3.2518 3.2519 3.2743 3.2743 3.2743 3.3000 3.3330 3.3330 3.3330 3.3413 3.3413 3.3572 3.3589 3.3660 3.3661 3.3662 3.4496 3.4582 3.4662 3.4662 3.4867 3.4867 3.5000 3.5000 3.5330 3.5332 3.5660 3.6330 3.6660 3.6661 3.6662 3.6663 3.7003 3.7660 3.8000 3.2834 3.2962 3.3205 3.3215 3.3267 3.3671 3.3758 3.3848 3.3849 3.4332 3.4333 3.4333 3.4659 3.4995 3.4996 3.4997 3.5083 3.5086 3.5250 3.5295 3.5370 3.5371 3.5374 3.6213 3.6299 3.6474 3.6534 3.6742 3.6824 3.6974 3.6987 3.7328 3.7588 3.7927 3.8826 3.9660 3.9999 4.0240 4.0333 4.0830 4.1660 4.2330 0.0813 0.0938 0.1167 0.1173 0.1184 0.1196 0.1276 0.1330 0.1330 0.1589 0.1590 0.1590 0.1659 0.1665 0.1666 0.1667 0.1670 0.1673 0.1678 0.17060 0.1710 0.1710 0.1712 0.1717 0.1717 0.1812 0.1872 0.1875 0.1957 0.1974 0.1987 0.1998 0.2256 0.2267 0.2496 0.3000 0.3338 0.3578 0.3670 0.3827 0.4000 0.4330 0.8777 0.8559 0.8245 0.8231 0.8219 0.8203 0.8083 0.8002 0.8002 0.7614 0.7613 0.7613 0.7509 0.7503 0.7501 0.7499 0.7495 0.7490 0.7484 0.7442 0.7436 0.7435 0.7434 0.7430 0.7430 0.7288 0.7199 0.7196 0.7045 0.7043 0.7028 0.7014 0.6629 0.6614 0.6277 0.5527 0.5023 0.4666 0.4470 0.4451 0.4170 0.3723 c) System : HBNM3NI(L3) PH V1 V2 V2 – V1 à ¡Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ ¦A 3.35 3.37 3.56 3.70 4.00 4.35 4.37 4.42 4.49 5.07 5.14 5.21 5.42 5.63 6.00 6.14 6.21 6.28 6.35 6.37 6.42 6.49 6.70 6.84 7.00 7.35 7.42 7.56 7.70 8.00 8.35 8.42 8.56 8.70 9.00 9.35 9.70 9.84 10.00 10.35 10.70 3.2021 3.2024 3.2038 3.2042 3.2083 3.2475 3.2482 3.2518 3.2519 3.2743 3.2743 3.2743 3.3000 3.3330 3.3330 3.3330 3.3413 3.3413 3.3572 3.3589 3.3660 3.3661 3.3662 3.4496 3.4582 3.4662 3.4662 3.4867 3.4867 3.5000 3.5000 3.5330 3.5332 3.5660 3.6330 3.6660 3.7661 3.7907 3.8000 3.9000 4.0330 3.2608 3.2638 3.2708 3.3042 3.3250 3.3755 3.3780 3.3818 3.3819 3.4321 3.4332 3.4333 3.4641 3.4982 3.4982 3.4991 3.5077 3.5082 3.5242 3.5259 3.5330 3.5332 3.5333 3.6333 3.6569 3.6665 3.6828 3.7033 3.7034 3.7503 3.7506 3.7922 3.7930 3.8328 3.8998 3.9329 4.0661 4.1248 4.1660 4.2988 4.5316 0.0587 0.0614 0.0670 0.1000 0.1167 0.1280 0.1298 0.1300 0.1300 0.1578 0.1589 0.1590 0.1641 0.1652 0.1652 0.1661 0.1664 0.1669 0.1670 0.1670 0.1670 0.1671 0.1671 0.1837 0.1987 0.2003 0.2166 0.2166 0.2167 0.2503 0.2506 0.2592 0.2598 0.2668 0.2668 0.2669 0.3000 0.3340 0.3660 0.3988 0.4986 0.9117 0.9078 0.8994 0.8499 0.8248 0.8061 0.8048 0.8047 0.8047 0.7630 0.7614 0.7612 0.7537 0.7522 0.7522 0.7520 0.7517 0.7507 0.7496 0.7496 0.7496 0.7493 0.7493 0.7243 0.7010 0.7003 0.6755 0.6757 0.6759 0.6256 0.6253 0.6126 0.6117 0.6039 0.6039 0.6037 0.5534 0.5024 0.4557 0.4081 0.2617 Table 2: Proton Ligand Stability Constant pK System pK Half integral method Pointwise calculation method HNMP2EI (L1) HBNM4MI(L2) HBNM3NI(L3) 7.0027 9.4939 9.8442 7.3487 9.2643 9.2987 Table 3: Metal Ligand Stability Constant(Log K) a) HNMP2EI (L1) System Log K1 Log K2 Log K1-LogK2 LogK1/LogK2 Pr(III) Sm(III) 6.5807 6.7926 3.8465 3.9788 2.7342 2.8138 1.7108 1.7071 b) HBNM4MI(L2) System Log K1 Log K2 LogK1-LogK2 LogK1/LogK2 Pr(III) Sm(III) 9.4786 9.5747 7.7377 6.6563 1.7409 2.9184 1.2249 1.4384 c) HBNM3NI(L3) System Log K1 Log K2 Log K1 LogK2 LogK1/LogK2 Pr(III) Sm(III) 9.9990 9.7658 7.4911 7.4891 2.5079 2.2767 1.3347 1.3040

Friday, October 25, 2019

The Tragic Hero of Julius Caesar :: essays research papers

The Tragic Hero of Julius Caesar   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tragedy concerns itself with the downfall of a protagonist (or the tragic hero) that suffers crushing defeat or death. Brutus certainly fits in as the protagonist of Julius Caesar and the tragic hero. Since Brutus was one of the main characters of the play, it would be obvious that he would be the tragic hero of the play as well.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The downfall of the protagonist occurs through a tragic flaw of the protagonist. Brutus' tragic flaw was making bad judgments. For example, he let Antony speak at Caesar's funeral, he let Antony live and also he marched to Phillipi. Since the Romans liked Brutus, they thought that if he killed Caesar, then he had a good reason for it. However, if Brutus had not let Antony speak at the funeral, the people would not have turned against him and the other conspirators. Antony was not Caesar's best friend, like Brutus; he just wanted everybody to be against Brutus so they could follow him. Letting Antony live was very poor judgment. Brutus committed suicide because Antony defeated his army. If Antony were killed, Brutus would have never committed suicide himself. The march to Phillipi was also a bad idea because if they hadn't gone everybody wouldn't have been killed. Brutus also made poor judgment on his friend Cassius. Cassius was the one persuading Brutus to become one of the conspirators, if he hadn't listened to Cassius, he wouldn't have killed Caesar. Brutus was one of Caesar's best friends, but he was not the greatest friend in the world. He killed his own best friend. Also, as good as a friend Brutus was to Caesar, it appeared as though Brutus loved Rome and it's people more. 'If then that friend demand why Brutus rose against Caesar, this is my answer: not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome more.'; (3.2.21-24) Loving Rome more than his own friend was another of Brutus' tragic flaw. He was more loyal to people he's never met before, than his own friend. If Brutus did not love Rome more, he would not have killed his good friend.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If Brutus felt so strongly that to save Rome he had to assassinate his own best friend that definitely must show something. Brutus killed Caesar for the people of Rome's sake, not for his own. A true hero would think of other people before thinking of himself.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

African Americans in the U.S. Essay

African Americans (American Blacks or Black Americans), racial group in the United States whose dominant ancestry is from sub-Saharan West Africa. Many African Americans also claim European, Native American, or Asian ancestors. A variety of names have been used for African Americans at various points in history. African Americans have been referred to as Negroes, colored, blacks, and Afro-Americans, as well as lesser-known terms, such as the 19th-century designation Anglo-African. The terms Negro and colored are now rarely used. African American, black, and to a lesser extent Afro-American, are used interchangeably today. Recent black immigrants from Africa and the islands of the Caribbean are sometimes classified as African Americans. However, these groups, especially first- and second-generation immigrants, often have cultural practices, histories, and languages that are distinct from those of African Americans born in the United States. For example, Caribbean natives may speak French, British English, or Spanish as their first language. Emigrants from Africa may speak a European language other than English or any of a number of African languages as their first language. Caribbean and African immigrants often have little knowledge or experience of the distinctive history of race relations in the United States. Thus, Caribbean and African immigrants may or may not choose to identify with the African American community. According to 2000 U. S. census, some 34. 7 million African Americans live in the United States, making up 12. 3 percent of the total population. 2000 census shows that 54. 8 percent African Americans lived in the South. In that year, 17. 6 percent of African Americans lived in the Northeast and 18. 7 percent in the Midwest, while only 8. 9 percent lived in the Western states. Almost 88 percent of African Americans lived in metropolitan areas in 2000. With over 2 million African American residents, New York City had the largest black urban population in the United States in 2000. Washington, D. C. , had the highest proportion of black residents of any U. S. city in 2000, with African Americans making up almost 60 percent of the population. Microsoft  ® Encarta  ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Atlantic Slave Trade, Atlantic Slave Trade, the forced transportation of at least 10 million enslaved Africans from their homelands in Africa to destinations in Europe and the Americas during the 15th through 19th centuries. European and North American slave traders transported most of these slaves to areas in tropical and subtropical America, where the vast majority worked as laborers on large agricultural plantations. See Slavery. Between 1440 and 1880 Europeans and North Americans exchanged merchandise for slaves along 5600 km (3500 miles) of Africa’s western and west central Atlantic coasts. These slaves were then transported to other locations around the Atlantic Ocean. The vast majority went to Brazil, the Caribbean, and Spanish-speaking regions of South America and Central America. Smaller numbers were taken to Atlantic islands, continental Europe, and English-speaking areas of the North American mainland. Approximately 12 million slaves left Africa via the Atlantic trade, and more than 10 million arrived. The Atlantic slave trade involved the largest intercontinental migration of people in world history prior to the 20th century. This transfer of so many people, over such a long time, had enormous consequences for every continent bordering the Atlantic. It profoundly changed the racial, social, economic, and cultural makeup in many of the American nations that imported slaves. It also left a legacy of racism that many of those nations are still struggling to overcome. Microsoft  ® Encarta  ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Civil Rights Movement in the United States, political, legal, and social struggle by black Americans to gain full citizenship rights and to achieve racial equality. The civil rights movement was first and foremost a challenge to segregation, the system of laws and customs separating blacks and whites that whites used to control blacks after slavery was abolished in the 1860s. During the civil rights movement, individuals and civil rights organizations challenged segregation and discrimination with a variety of activities, including protest marches, boycotts, and refusal to abide by segregation laws. Many believe that the movement began with the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955 and ended with the Voting Rights Act of 1965, though there is debate about when it began and whether it has ended yet. The civil rights movement has also been called the Black Freedom Movement, the Negro Revolution, and the Second Reconstruction. Microsoft  ® Encarta  ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. AAVE Distinctive patterns of language use among African Americans arose as creative responses to the hardships imposed on the African American community. Slave-owners often intentionally mixed people who spoke many different African languages to discourage communication in any language other than English on their plantations. Moreover, many whites were unwilling to allow blacks to learn proper English. One response to these conditions was the development of pidgins, simplified mixtures of two or more languages that speakers of different languages could use to communicate with each other. Some of these pidgins eventually became fully developed Creole languages spoken by certain groups as a native language. Significant numbers of people still speak some of these Creole languages, notably Gullah on the Sea Islands of South Carolina and Georgia. African American Vernacular English (AAVE), also called black English or Ebonics, is a dialect of English spoken by many African Americans that shares some features with Creole languages. Microsoft  ® Encarta  ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Benthic Marine Ecosystems

The Earth is a delicate web of ecosystems which are interconnected and intertwined and have an impact on the rest of the system. Changes or disturbances to any component of this complex web can have wide carrying serious effects often even on components that are seemingly unconnected. One of the major and important components of this complex and fragile system is the benthic marine ecosystem which plays an important role in maintaining the ecological balance. The Benthic marine ecosystem exists at the lowest level of a body of water of an ocean or a lake called as the benthic zone.It comprises of ‘benthic organisms’ or ‘Benthos’ that live in close association with the soil at the bottom of the water body which is very essential for all their biological activity. Benthic marine ecosystems are often disturbed because of human activity resulting in disturbance to the entire marine ecosystem and ultimately to the overall Earth’s system. Since Benthic ecos ystems form such an integral and important part of the entire ecosystem and have such far reaching impacts it is essential to understand the potential threats to the benthic ecosystems and its impacts.Threats to the Benthic ecosystems and their impacts and comparison to the pelagic ecosystem Human actvities of trawling and by-catch Trawling has always posed a threat to marine ecosystems as there is a lack of selectivity due to the nature of the trawl net and there is capture of a huge and diverse number of untargetted aquatic life called by-catch. This has a serious impact on the chemical , physical and biological nature of the Benthic marine ecosystem. Huge biomass is removed through trawling.This results in reduced marine fish landings and productivity as Benthic habitats house fauna which serves as food to many marine life and provides shelter and protection to smaller fishes. Eg A single passage of the beam trawl is known to kill 5-65% of the resident fauna and mix the top few c entimeters of the sediment. It has an effect that is similar to forest clear-cutting. (Trawling and by-catch: Implications on marine ecosystem , Biju, A. K. &, Deepti, G. R. (2006)) Trawling causes the most serious physical disturbance on the sea-floor.They can burrow deep furrows on the ocean floor, remove corals rocks , stir up sediments, smother benthic organisms creating havoc and destroying a lot of marine life and biodiversity. Dragging of trawl nets and formation of sediment clouds may affect the natural balance between physio-chemical parameters and decreases the dissolved oxygen and the benthic fauna composition . Trawling is known to flush out nutrients and contaminants and release lethal gases such as methane , ammonia hyydrogen sulphide thus affecting the life and mortality of organisms.Benthic communities also play an important role in remineralisation and release of nutrients in marine ecosystems. All this ultimately affects the entire marine ecosystem and aquatic biod iversity impacting the entire ecoystem. However it is seen that the impact of trawling on the pegalic ecosystem is minimal as they are buffered by their physical environment and phytoplanktons and some other organisms which are a major component of this ecosystem are able to vary their cell nutrient content irrespective of environmental changes due to trawling.However it is somewhat difficult to analyse the imact sometimes as some pelagic species depend on benthic communities for food and shelter during the early stages. Also the effect might just be to increase the population of some species when compared to other species that may not have a very significant impact as these species are relatives at the top of the food chain. Eg The Gulf of Thailand showed an increase in the cephalopod species when trawling was done frequently.Stable states are often returned to over a duration of time when trawling is stopped which may not happen in case of benthic communities. Trophic cascades in Benthic marine ecosystems : Fishing Fishing is one of the most exploitative acts of human beings . There are many indirect impacts of fishing other than just removal of target and non target organisms. There are many fishing tools which disturb the benthic natural environment by taking out benthic sessile organisms that provide a critical structural habitat important for the organisms activities.Fishing can cause mechanical effects to the bottom of the water bed by dragging the fishing gear across it resulting in habitat changes and reduction in refuge for animals. Stellwagen Bank, a heavily fished area, was observed in 1993 and 1994 before and after a certain type of fishing gear was introduced. Benthic communities were adversely affected. (Sustaining Marine Fisheries (1999)). Fishing or harvesting in an unplanned manner leads to changes in the population of aquatic life which can disturb the benthic ecosytem . There is a coupling between benthic and pelagic systems both of which a re affected due to this activity.Since benthic fauna and organisms are the target organisms of fish , reduction in their population can result in increase in density and diversity of infaunal species which is a potential threat to the ecosystem. However once the fishing activity is stopped populations do stabilize and return to normal atleast in case of pelagic systems which easily recover. Climatic changes and global warming environment pollution Global warming and climatic changes have a major impact on Benthic communities . Photosynthesis is inhibited due to global warming and ozone depletion in the benthic zone.Solar UV-B radiations are found to impair the reproductive processes of organisms in the benthic zone. It reduces the size of benthic populatons and reduces their mortality. Coastal areas in many countries which are developing rapidly with major ports, tourist spots and pollution in coastal areas result in deterioration of Benthic populations Eg Lebanon. Persistent Organi c Pollutants(POP’s), Radioactive discharges, PCB’s, Oil and Gas discharges and dumping from ships are potential threats to benthic ecosystems. The ill effects of pollution can be summarised into three main ill effects .It can increase the concentration of Hydrogen ions thus increasing the acidity in those ecosytems, it can reach toxic levels that impair the ability of benthic organisms to grow and reproduce, and it can ultimately disturb the entire food web . ( The Structure of Marine Ecosystems, Steele, J. H. (1974. )) It is also seen that in case of pelagic ecosystems it is not possible to analyse exactly the direct effect of global warming and climatic changes on the pelagic species and they can be misleading and inaccurate and effect would be in terms of predator requirements.However it is seen that in case of pelagic phytoplanktons there is decoupling between photosynthesis and nutrient intake Shift in nutrient and bio-chemical ratios will result in changes in the ecosystem. Oftentimes newly introduced species ,such as from ballast water from ships, also pose a threat to benthic ecosystems of an area as they disturb the complex and the delicate food web. Eg the Svalbard area of Norway lists 11 new species( microalgae and benthic organisms) as per the European Environmental Agency. Oil spills from ships and pipeline as well as land-based pollution pose a threat.In the benthic ecosystem hydrocarbon pollution could cause adverse changes such as destruction of species in the lower trophic level, which could be useful in the breakdown processes of carbon , nitrogen and sulphur cycles and also the disturbance to the food web due to extinction of some species. Studies were conducted during the oil spill from the ocean vessel ‘MV River Princess’ regarding the effect of the oil spill on the benthic organisms. ( Ecotoxicological effect of grounded MV River Princess On Intertidal Benthic Organisms off Goa, Ingole, B &, Sivadas, S &, Goltek ar, R (2006).After research and lab tests it was seen that there were reduced levels of oxygen due to reduced benthic biomass and increased respiratory activity by some aerobic bacteria which can mineralize the Hydrocarbons from the oil spill. Population of various fauna were found to be completely altered thus the biodiversity was adversely affected furthur reducing the concentration and mortality of aquatic life. There was a 60% reduction on the number of species available. All these changes had adverse effect on the marine ecosystem. References 1. Biju, A. K. &, Deepti, G. R. (2006). Trawling and by-catch: Implications on marine ecosystem2. Ingole, B &, Sivadas, S &, Goltekar, R (2006). Ecotoxicological effect of grounded MV River Princess On Intertidal Benthic Organisms off Goa 3. Orheim, O. (2006). Protecting the environment of the Artic Ecoystem 4. Grassle, J. F. 1997. Report to the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, Workshop to Consider the Scientific and Technical Aspects of a Cens us of Marine Benthic Species. 5. Steele, J. H. (1974). The Structure of Marine Ecosystems. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. 6. Sustaining Marine Fisheries ,(1999), Commission on Geosciences, Environment and Resources ,Ocean Studies Board

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

beethoven5 essays

beethoven5 essays Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 Choral' The 9th Symphony is an amazing piece of music. From the slow opening, to its quick ascent to a powerful clash of instruments, the entire piece is captivating. The incredible part about the entire piece is that from the beginning to the end there is a contrast between soft and loud, always dueling for time. Either there is a strong controlling element running through the music or there is a soft easy melody. The dualism between the deeper instruments playing in contrast to the softer woodwinds makes for an interesting listen. Each time that I have listened to this piece I am always hearing different pieces that I had not heard the time before. The trouble I have had with the piece is that I have a hard time listening to the piece as a whole. Instead I end up hearing either the high pieces or the low pieces, rather than being able to capture the two together as interconnected pieces. Yet, with the excerpts that I have been able to connect the two parts, their differences help unite them into an incredible piece of music. From the onset of the symphony, it appears that the entire piece is based around the conclusion, being Ode to Joy. It seems like everything is just getting ready to build and build into the climax. There being smaller climaxes along the way, but for the most part it is solely preparing the listener for Ode to Joy. The exciting part about the entire piece is that at no time does the listener become lulled into the music and become withdrawn from the music, rather the listener is always attentive to the music waiting and expecting the next note or series of notes, wondering what the composer and conductor have in store. This piece by Rossini is a rather devious piece of music. For the most part the listener is put into a position that the entire piece will be rather melodic and peaceful, but in an in ...

Monday, October 21, 2019

Analysis of Toni Morrisons essays

Analysis of Toni Morrison's essays Toni Morrisons premier novel, The Bluest Eye, is a tale of one girls battle against herself and the society surrounding her. The author tells the story of young Pecola Breedlove growing up with a vast amount of hatred around her in order to display the impact society has on people. Society pressures the ugly to be beautiful, and a little black girl to pray nightly for two bright, blue eyes to replace the dullness of her own brown ones. The blue eyes Pecola dream for obviously represents her wish to be white. Blue eyes are associated with beauty and only the fair-skinned can obtain this eye color. Being a black girl in the 1940s is an automatic shun in society when this books takes place. Not to mention the Breedlove family consists of Pecolas father Cholly Breedlove (whom eventually rapes and impregnates her), an unloving mother named Pauline, and a juvenile delinquent brother named Sammy. Pecolas family is part of the reason she becomes a social outcast, even though the poor girl has actually never done one thing against her little town. Morrison shows the way the general public can be bias towards an individual they may have never even talked to just because of family issues, their race, or their level of attractiveness. These reasons cause Pecola to live in dissatisfaction of herself. For instance, on her way to the store to buy some candy Pecola admires some dandelions, Why, she wonders, do people call them w eeds? She thought they were pretty (Morrison 47). At this point, Pecola identifies with the yellow-headed flowers, because herself is considered a weed to other people. With thoughts of dandelions in mind, Pecola enters the penny store only to be treated as she is some sort of animal. She looks up at him to see the vacuum where curiosity out to lodge. And something more. The total absence of human recognition...she has seen it lurki ...

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Indo-European Family of Languages

Indo-European Family of Languages Definition Indo-European is a  family of languages (including most of the languages spoken in Europe, India, and Iran) descended from a common tongue spoken in the third millennium B.C. by an agricultural people originating in southeastern Europe. Branches of Indo-European (IE) include Indo-Iranian (Sanskrit and the Iranian languages), Greek, Italic (Latin and related languages), Celtic, Germanic (which includes English), Armenian, Balto-Slavic, Albanian, Anatolian, and Tocharian. The theory that languages as diverse as Sanskrit, Greek, Celtic, Gothic, and Persian had a common ancestor was proposed by Sir William Jones in an address to the Asiatick Society on Feb. 2, 1786. (See below.) The reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European languages is known as the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE). Examples and Observations The ancestor of all the IE languages is called Proto-Indo-European, or PIE for short. . . . Since no documents in reconstructed PIE are preserved or can reasonably hope to be found, the structure of this hypothesized language will always be somewhat controversial. (Benjamin W. Fortson, IV, Indo-European Language and Culture. Wiley, 2009) Englishalong with a whole host of languages spoken in Europe, India, and the Middle Eastcan be traced back to an ancient language that scholars call Proto Indo-European. Now, for all intents and purposes, Proto Indo-European is an imaginary language. Sort of. Its not like Klingon or anything. It is reasonable to believe it once existed. But nobody every wrote it down so we dont know exactly what it really was. Instead, what we know is that there are hundreds of languages that share similarities in syntax and vocabulary, suggesting that they all evolved from a common ancestor. (Maggie Koerth-Baker, Listen to a Story Told in a 6000-Year-Old Extinct Language. Boing Boing, September 30, 2013) Address to the Asiatick Society by Sir William Jones (1786) The Sanscrit language, whatever be its antiquity, is of a wonderful structure, more perfect than the Greek, more copious than the Latin, and more exquisitely refined than either, yet bearing to both of them a stronger affinity, both in the roots of verbs and the forms of grammar, than could possibly have been produced by accident; so strong indeed, that no philologer could examine them all three, without believing them to have sprung from some common source, which, perhaps, no longer exists. There is a similar reason, though not quite so forcible, for supposing that both the Gothick and the Celtick, though blended with a very different idiom, had the same origin with the Sanscrit, and the old Persian might be added to this family, if this were the place for discussing any question concerning the antiquities of Persia. (Sir William Jones, The Third Anniversary Discourse, on the Hindus, Feb. 2, 1786) A Shared Vocabulary The languages of Europe and those of Northern India, Iran, and part of Western Asia belong to a group known as the Indo-European Languages. They probably originated from a common language-speaking group about 4000 BC and then split up as various subgroups migrated. English shares many words with these Indo-European languages, though some of the similarities may be masked by sound changes. The word moon, for example, appears in recognizable forms in languages as different as German (Mond), Latin (mensis, meaning month), Lithuanian (menuo), and Greek (meis, meaning month). The word yoke is recognizable in German (Joch), Latin (iugum), Russian (igo), and Sanskrit (yugam). (Seth Lerer, Inventing English: A Portable History of the Language. Columbia Univ. Press, 2007) Also See Grimms LawHistorical Linguistics

Saturday, October 19, 2019

The Power of Images - Television and Film Research Paper

The Power of Images - Television and Film - Research Paper Example Like written and auditory media, there is video and audio-visual media which has gained immense popularity and importance in the recent years due to its information richness and ease of use. This includes, for example, films, photographs, videos, posters and images. These can be communicated through a wide variety of electronic channels such as TV, internet as well as non-electronic ones like signboards and public displays through which information can be transmitted to a large number of people at the same time. Images presented through visual entertainment media can influence an individual, his personality, ambitions, rationality and feelings in a great way. And through communication with a larger audience simultaneously visual entertainment media can have a great impact on our society & cultural development, as it is becoming a mainstream form of communication technology. For media has been known to bring out major revolutions and changes in the world contemporarily. For example the foundation and coverage of Libyan Revolution through the social network (Bomberowitz, 2011). This is because the visual entertainment media in the form of TV, internet and other sources have provided the general public with greater freedom of expression opportunities, and are hence bundled with the fundamental concepts of human needs which reinforce their collective voice and afford new opportunities. The widespread use of computers and easy availability of internet everywhere around the world has turned up many new talents and boosted peoples lifestyles in a great manner. Artists now try to engage with the people through various forms of social and visual media to exchange thoughts and promote what is good. This has surely brought a new change in American lifestyle. Visual entertainment media in its most fundamental form is provided to us through TV. In the beginning of Television there were just

Friday, October 18, 2019

Communications Paper on Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Communications Paper on Media - Essay Example Newspapers also serve a surveillance purpose as they inform about what is going on. Through media, I also satisfy my social and psychological needs. This means media is a powerful tool for transmission of cultures and norms. I am able to be informed and learn about various norms and how I am expected to behave, as well. For instance watching television programs about other cultures makes me aware about them. I am also able to learn about their norms whether it is through print or visual media. Media is also utilized as an advertising tool. Media covers a wide audience making it a powerful tool for advertising and marketing. It is also used to influence the thoughts and needs of the society. Such form of media can be through propaganda whereby information is put out by an organization to promote a particular policy. From all these, the media serve as a gratification tool to the larger society since its survival is on the basis of satisfying the needs of a society (Gibson). 2. Costs sp ent on media Various media exist in our daily lives; therefore, costs are incurred when it comes to accessing media. To access the print media I have to purchase newspapers and magazines some of which are updated daily; thus, it makes sense to acquire them each new day. Print media are extremely important, but more expensive to access; thus, I spend more on it. For instance, to access academic materials, I have to purchase books, which are not easily available via the internet resource. Media is also important because communication and entertainment are a normal part of the day-to-day activities. Visual media are characterized by television and the internet. Costs are incurred in electricity bills and payment of internet subscription fees. When all costs are summed up it can be determined that a lot of money is directed on media in a given month. This can also be summarized by the fact that media consumptions occurs every day. 3. Description of a day without media A day without medi a is quite different since media had evolved to be a habit in my lifestyle. My first instinct in the morning was to check my phone, but I had to ignore the urge. Without media, I would not be in constant touch with others; thus I would not be able to know where I am needed and by whom. I will also find it hard to be informed about new developments around me. Because it felt like an addiction, I could not last a whole day without thinking about what I am missing. For instance, I could not be in contact with my friends and colleagues; thus, I would not be informed about how they are doing or if they have any information related to me. I would also tend to be scared at times because I was not certain about what I am supposed to do during the day. I could not read posters and information posted on notice boards; thus, I was not comfortable. Generally, I felt like I was in my own world since I was not able to access any new information that might influence me. Therefore, from morning to evening I was only making an appearance, but never really involved in anything constructive. By dawn, I felt I had lost a lot of opportunities. 4. What was learned From the experience on that day, I was able to learn and appreciate just how important media is to my daily activities. If I was given such a test, again it would be hard to try it because on that single day, I had missed on a lot. The urge to get information was quite big and I learned that I was

Southwest airline Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Southwest airline - Essay Example The aim of this strategy is to be a producer who maintains low costs in production compared to the competitors. It is also more applicable in a market that uses price as the deciding factor (Pearce &Robinson, 2014). The strategic managers of Southwest Airline use this strategy in a way that they strategically select the production and marketing methods that lead to a reduction in cost. They ensure that the airline uses lower cost carriers to control and reduce costs and to ensure that they operate at lower costs compared to the legacy carriers. With the low operation costs, Southwest Airline is able to maintain a large share of the market since it is able to provide efficient services at low costs. Efficient use of this strategy is enhanced by conducting a SWOT analysis that enables the firm to discover the strengths and weaknesses that it possesses as well as the opportunities and threats available in the market. The effectiveness of this strategy also is maintained if the firm is able to maintain the quality of services despite the reduction in cost (Pearce & Robinson,

LOREAL BUILDING A GLOBAL COSMETIC BRAND. Pages 644- 651 of your main Case Study

LOREAL BUILDING A GLOBAL COSMETIC BRAND. Pages 644- 651 of your main text Ghauri and Cateora text book (2010) - Case Study Example the formula on his own and selling it to the hair dressers, until 1909 when he established a full-fledged company that started manufacturing the product, under the name of Cheveux. It continued the business still in small scale, using the assistance of three-in-house based chemists (Ghauri & Cateora, 2010 p644). By 1920, the company had expanded its production of the products, and now started selling its products to other countries, such as Italy, Holland and Australia. The company initially depended on print advertisement, where Schuelter, enlisted the services of a well experienced graphic designers to make advertising posters for the company. With further growth of the business, the need for a different strategy of advertising arose, and Schuelter, established a women magazine as the basis of advertising the company’s product which were targeting women in 1933 (Ghauri & Cateora, 2010 p644). This strategy was followed by other promotional strategies such as creating a campaign for cleaning children using the company’s Dop Shampoo product in 1937, and then went ahead and created a jingle for the campaign that emerged as one of the most famous jingles of the time. The company eventually changed its name in 1940, and established the company name after one of its popular products, L’Aureole, to brand the company its current name, LOreal (Ghauri & Cateora, 2010 p644). LOreal pioneered the advertisement of its products through film commercials that were developed in theaters in the 1950 and in 1973, the ownership of the company changed hands, with 50% of the company’s stock being sold to a personal c are products manufacturing company, Gesparal, which eventually sold its stock to Nestle, while the rest half of the stock shares were traded to the public (Ghauri & Cateora, 2010 p644). Nestle received 49% of the shares, while the daughter of the owner and founder of the company retained a 51% stake in the company’s ownership. Critically comment on LOreal’s

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Marketing strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Marketing strategy - Assignment Example This research is being carried out to evaluate and present some of the generic marketing strategies. Market dominance; this is the portion of the market served by the organization. It is healthier for a business entity to know the size of the market and the percentage it serves. This will enable them determine the quantity of production. Market dominance is grouped into four. These are; leader, challenger, follower and niche. To avoid serious impact, businesses should try to be the market leaders. This can be achieved through direct marketing, publicity and other promotional methods. Growth strategy; this is a strategy aimed at the area of operation, quality of operation and quantity of production. Businesses should spread out their branches over as large region as possible. This may take place in the following directions; horizontal (the operation is expanded geographically), vertical (improvement done on the quality of production and quantity of the produce), diversification and in tensification (changes made to include variety of other related commodities for example if previously organization was producing beverages it can incorporate refreshments). Innovation strategy; this strategy aids the invention of new products, new production methods, new markets and new branding. It enhances the sales of the products and results in average increase of sales. Businesses should always try to be the inventors of an idea; the pioneers and not the followers or the late followers. Pioneers are likely to dominate the market if their followers are not innovative enough to come up with a more advanced service or quantity. An example is the coca cola company who has remained the sole producers of refreshments in the larger East and Central Africa. They therefore dominate this market. They as the leader keep all the secrets of production to themselves. They have succeeded in operations through practices like branding of their commodities. Also the services like software servic es where companies like Microsoft were close followers but are now coming up steadily due to their innovative nature. Innovation strategy should cut across the technological changes and the business innovations and the inventions. Porter generic strategy; these are steps put forth to ensure that the organization gets deep into the market and has a proper and sustainable completion advantage. Organizations are able to achieve this through market segmentation; dividing market into portions of same need and which serviced in a similar way and cost leadership; making the prices of the commodities be fairly lower compared to that of the competitors. Product differentiation can be used make clear distinction between the vendors. Marketing warfare strategies; these deal with marketing and war, dictate what is to be done at such times. Product strategy document Product strategy is the procedure which an

Shanghai Commercial Real Estate Market Is there a Bubble under Essay

Shanghai Commercial Real Estate Market Is there a Bubble under Prosperity - Essay Example However, demand has driven the price of properties up at an alarming rate, due mainly to speculative property purchases and "hoarding" practices of real estate developers. Fears of an impending bubble situation has driven the central government to implement regulations and restrictions designed to cool what is considered an overheated real estate market in 2005. Studies on the effects of these intervention measures show that while lower end residential markets have experienced price decreases, the commercial and high-end development projects have actually posted price increases even with the regulations in effect. Studies also indicate that while the upward spiral of property prices must be scrutinized and monitored regularly, Shanghai's real estate has not been overvalued and is therefore yet to be considered in a state of a real estate bubble. To be "shanghaied" is to be tricked, as a reference to historical government corruption and tolerance of the then-ruling Nationalists for opium dens and prostitution in the early part of the 20th Century. As a reaction to this corruption, the Communist Party was founded in Shanghai, a nationwide attempt to bring order into chaos. Incidentally, Mao's Cultural Revolution and Deng Xiaoping's capitalist policies likewise saw its inception in Shanghai. (Areddy 2007) It seems ironic that the apparent seat of communism and capitalism in China should be in the same city, and yet Shanghai has always been grandiose in all its associations, despite its size. Shanghai is less than 1% of the total land mass of China at 6,340.5 square kilometers in 2005 and about 1% of the total population at

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Marketing strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Marketing strategy - Assignment Example This research is being carried out to evaluate and present some of the generic marketing strategies. Market dominance; this is the portion of the market served by the organization. It is healthier for a business entity to know the size of the market and the percentage it serves. This will enable them determine the quantity of production. Market dominance is grouped into four. These are; leader, challenger, follower and niche. To avoid serious impact, businesses should try to be the market leaders. This can be achieved through direct marketing, publicity and other promotional methods. Growth strategy; this is a strategy aimed at the area of operation, quality of operation and quantity of production. Businesses should spread out their branches over as large region as possible. This may take place in the following directions; horizontal (the operation is expanded geographically), vertical (improvement done on the quality of production and quantity of the produce), diversification and in tensification (changes made to include variety of other related commodities for example if previously organization was producing beverages it can incorporate refreshments). Innovation strategy; this strategy aids the invention of new products, new production methods, new markets and new branding. It enhances the sales of the products and results in average increase of sales. Businesses should always try to be the inventors of an idea; the pioneers and not the followers or the late followers. Pioneers are likely to dominate the market if their followers are not innovative enough to come up with a more advanced service or quantity. An example is the coca cola company who has remained the sole producers of refreshments in the larger East and Central Africa. They therefore dominate this market. They as the leader keep all the secrets of production to themselves. They have succeeded in operations through practices like branding of their commodities. Also the services like software servic es where companies like Microsoft were close followers but are now coming up steadily due to their innovative nature. Innovation strategy should cut across the technological changes and the business innovations and the inventions. Porter generic strategy; these are steps put forth to ensure that the organization gets deep into the market and has a proper and sustainable completion advantage. Organizations are able to achieve this through market segmentation; dividing market into portions of same need and which serviced in a similar way and cost leadership; making the prices of the commodities be fairly lower compared to that of the competitors. Product differentiation can be used make clear distinction between the vendors. Marketing warfare strategies; these deal with marketing and war, dictate what is to be done at such times. Product strategy document Product strategy is the procedure which an

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

My best vacation to six flags Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

My best vacation to six flags - Essay Example The number of people who attend six flags is sometimes overwhelming to the corporation because of the inflow of visitors to the amusement park. Casing point can be the 23.9 million visitors in 2009 who visited six flags from throughout the world. Six flags corporation has its branches throughout the states, and offers heart rendering services to its customers. The purpose of this essay is to discuss my best vacation to six flags and the things I saw and did (Newswire 11-15). My best vacation ever was to the Six Flags Great America as they own a property in the state. Six Flags Great America is the amusement park that I vacationed with my family, and to be sincere, I had the time of my life. Six flags America is a theme park in that is built on a 400-acre land and feature one of the largest collections of roller coaster that is in existence along the east coast. The amusement park was filled to capacity when I visited because most of the families prefer visiting the park during their vacation, and having fun due to the numerous services offered by the park. The history of the theme park is quite interesting as it offers a coaster that is air launched, and the interesting part is that it is the first of its kind in the world. The amusement park is spacious and has the capability of hosting around two million visitors from all over the world. The endless games that are present in the amusement park can cause a vast confusion because one wants to try out everything. One of the the most captivating game that I encountered was known as the Apocalypse (Newswire 11-15). The game was outstanding as it captured my imagination in every way possible and gave me a chance to interact with other people from all over the world. It was a dream come true for my parents to bring me to this awesome park that everyone talked about, and to get the chance of having firsthand experience in six flags America. The spectacular thing about six flags America is the fact that it has rides t hat are suitable for everyone. The rides had an adverse effect on the adrenaline rush and it was fun getting the chance to try out the family ride, roller-coaster, thrill rides and the hurricane harbor rides. All these were at an affordable price that were pocket friendly and captured the attention of most of the people (Newswire 11-15). The captivating part was the fact that the Hurricane Harbor provided wet rides which were unique and thrilling to everyone that was present in the amusement park. Everyone wanted a chance to try out the varieties of rides that were present, and sample out the many games that were offered by Six Flags Great America. My family and I attended the entertainment section where there was the existence of magicians, acrobats, animation and theatrics. It was a spectacular scene because some of the most famous entertainers were present in the amusement park. I can vividly remember a stand that had many different samples of food that were from all over the wor ld. The food section offered many exotic foods from different communities all over the world at an affordable price. To be sincere, I have never had a scrumptious meal like the one I had in the park and the services were magnificent. There were many choices of foods to choose from and had a taste of many cuisines. Six Flags Great America is an exceptional place to take the staff of a company, hold educational trips, youth groups, and reunions and take religious organizations. It is

Monday, October 14, 2019

Child Reading and Writing Development

Child Reading and Writing Development Learning of children in early ages Question: Consider the ways in which children learn to read and write. Illustrate, using Kenner, Al-Khatri, Kwok, Kim and Tsai’s study (2004) how young children pay attention to directionality, shape, size, spatial orientation in producing different writing scripts. Introduction It is necessary to encourage the children towards learning since childhood. Motivation towards learning and thinking is important when child is young because at that time, child grabs the thing easily. If child gets training about the importance of learning and practices writing in the early childhood, then it will be beneficial for his rest of life. It is a fact that a child changes in a lot of ways during the years of primary school. These years are so much important to develop a habit of learning and thinking in the child. Cognitive development is necessary to be developed in young children. Cognitive development includes learning skills such as languages, strong memory, planning and paying attention to the work. In these initial years, parents have to play their role. (Australia, 2012) By the help of different activities, parents can motivate the children towards learning new things. But it is also a fact that training young children is not an easy task. It is neither easy for the parents and nor for the teachers. By the help of various sessions, activities and games, we can encourage children towards learning. Child sometimes faces difficulty in learning different stuffs at a time but with the passage of time, he becomes habitual. In the book, Becoming Biliterate Kenner C. (2004) explains about child’s learning of different languages. He also discusses about different ways by which we can motivate young children to read and write. Furthermore, in the paper, we will look on different ways of teaching children in young ages and also discuss relevant techniques. Emergent literacy Term Emergent literacy defines the interaction of young children with books. This term explains that when a children is in the state of learning something and when he is not in a position of writing or reading some stuff. Marie Clay used this term for the first time. Emergent literacy is process that starts from the birth of a child and continues until and unless child trains in writing or reading in a conventional sense. This term is used in the field of psychology, linguistics, sociology and education. (Anon., 2011)Process of reading and writing starts in the young ages of an individual. A child tries to contact with different types of communication from the beginning. It is observed that most of the children starts recognizing different signs and symbols in the age of two or three years. It is because of the fact that every time, their mind is in the state of learning and interacting with different things. As far as this matter is concerned that either the child starts writing fir st or reading, it varies from child to child. But researches show that most of the children face difficulty in reading during their early ages and start writing quickly. Issues in the acquisition of literacy Acquisition of literacy for the young children is not easy. Although, child starts observing all the things by using his five senses but still some guidance is necessary. By the help of guidance and training, child learns the things easily. There are different issues that a child faces in the acquisition of literacy especially in terms of learning second language. Learning of different languages becomes a big problem for young children. In the article, Literacy and Second Language Acquisition: Issues and Perspectives, Weinstein (1984) explains that there is a strong relationship between the acquisition of second language and literacy. Author explains that understanding different languages and learning second language is difficult. (WEINSTEIN, 1984)In another article by Philip and Mikko (2003), it was explained that most of the children in European countries complete their acquisition of language before starting their early school education. English is at the top in the acquisition of languages. Children learn English easily as compared to other languages. (Philip H. K. Seymour, Mikko Aro, Jane M. Erskine, 2003)Another issue that is faced by the children in learning is their mental state. It is not always necessary that mental state of every child is same. Therefore, we cannot apply same strategies for all children. Some children do not grab these thing quickly and to develop the sense of learning in them, it is necessary to apply alternate techniques. How young children learn different writing systems There are different writing systems working in the world. It is not necessary that everyone knows all writing systems. Most of the people knows one or two writing systems usually. Talking in terms of learning different writing systems for the children, it is good to trained them in their early ages. For example, if a child is born in Europe and parents want him to become familiar with English writing system, then they have to guide him about English writing alphabets in the early ages. There are basically two types of writing systems. First type is known as alphabets and second type is called as Syllabaries. Both types are divided on various sub divisions. List of major classification is as following. Consonant alphabets Abugidas Alphabets Syllabaries Semanto-Phonetic writing systems Undeciphered writing systems (Anon., 2007) Now, the question is how young children learn different writing systems? There are different ways by which we can guide young children in learning various writing systems. First way to improve literacy is by teaching Morphemes. Morphemes is a collection of words that consists of different units of meaning. By the help of morphemes, children can easily pronounce the words and spell them. Teaching morphemes is a best way to teach vocabulary to the young children. (Nunes, T., and Bryant, P, 2006, pp. 14) Another way to teach different writing systems to the children is by using cardboard books. Parents can use different pieces of clothes, and cardboard books to teach different alphabets to the children. Colorful pictures can play an important role in attracting the young children towards learning. Writing different scripts and the design of symbols For writing a particular language, specific writing system is used. Writing system is usually known as Script. On the other hand, symbols are also used to guide children about languages. Types of scripts are as following. Script support Alphabets Right to left alphabets Syllabary Syllabic alphabet Ideographic script Depending upon your language style and script, you can teach your child about the language. If we take the example of English writing system, then it is seen that it starts from the left hand side whereas in case of Arabic, script starts from right hand side. So, it is necessary for the parents that they teach child about these basics. Suppose, you are from the Arabic background and make familiar your child with the Arabic writing system, then it is necessary for you to focus on the Arabic writing system. You should select those books and cardboards on which Arabic words are written so that your child starts recognizing these words. Following is an image that tells you about the basic Arabic writing system. Another way of guiding your child is through symbols. You can teach your child by using different symbols and pictures of something. In the early childhood, child easily understand words by the help of its illustration. Kerner (2004) focused on the illustration of symbols and pictures. (Kenner, C. Al-Khatib, H., Kwok, G., Kam, R. and Tsai, K, 2004, pp. 35), In this picture, we can see that with all the English alphabets, different pictures are used so that child cane identify the word easily. By the help of symbols and pictures, identification of words become easy. Embodied knowledge In order to teach the children to read and writing, actions also play a great role. Education in which body involves actions and knows how to act on something is called as Embodied Knowledge. The best example of this type of knowledge is riding a bicycle. Almost, everyone knows how to ride a bicycle and we do not need to memorize the procedure of riding bicycle. This is a type of knowledge that is automatically imprinted in the mind of an individual. It can be said that embodied knowledge is present in our unconsciousness. Children learn this knowledge by observing the environment. Embodied knowledge is somewhat similar to the Cognitive science. Conclusion To conclude the entire discussion, it can be said that parents can play an important role in teaching their child in early years. Young children are quite sensitive and in the early ages, their care is the duty of parents. Parents should teach their child by using techniques and activities. Before sending the child to school, a child should have a basic sense of recognizing and understanding different words and things. So, that he may not face any difficulty in future. Works Cited Anon., 2007. Types of writing system. [Online] Available at: http://www.omniglot.com/writing/types.htm [Accessed march 2014]. Anon., 2011. what is emergent literacy?. [Online] Available at: http://www.lincoln.dubuque.k12.ia.us/School-Wide/Literacy/EmergentLiteracy.htm [Accessed march 2014]. Australia, c. o., 2012. About thinking and learning. [Online] Available at: https://www.kidsmatter.edu.au/sites/default/files/public/KMP_C3_CDTL_AboutThinkingAndLearning.pdf [Accessed 2014]. Kenner, C. Al-Khatib, H., Kwok, G., Kam, R. and Tsai, K. (2004), Becoming Biliterate: Young Children Learning Different Writing Systems, Stoke-on-Trent, Trentham Books. Nunes, T., and Bryant, P. (2006), Improving Literacy by Teaching morphemes, London, Routledge. Philip H. K. Seymour, Mikko Aro, Jane M. Erskine, 2003. Foundation literacy acquisition in European orthographies. British Journal of Psychology, 94(2), p. 143–174. Seymour, P., Aro, M., and Erskine, J. (2003), Foundation Literacy Acquisition, in British Journal of Psychology, 94: 143-174. WEINSTEIN, G., 1984. Literacy and Second Language Acquisition: Issues and Perspectives. TESOL Quarterly, 18(3), p. 471–484.

Sunday, October 13, 2019

A Night To Remember Essays -- essays research papers

Reaction of Chapters 1 and 2 I have just finishes reading the first 2 chapters of â€Å"A Night to Remember†. While I was reading the chapters I was putting all the pictures that I saw in my past with the book. When I was reading I saw that Walter Lord wasn’t that much into Similes and metaphors. He had great ways to get the reader interested and not bored. When I read books I normally look for where the plot is when the book starts. When I was reading this novel I thought that it was pretty interesting that right in the first chapter out of 10 he started the great accident with the iceberg. In chapter 1 I saw that John Jacob Astor and his wife were pretty calm; quote on page 15 ‘He was very calm and Mrs. Astor wasn’t a bit alarmed. I read a little more and I saw that everyone was mostly joking around and thinking nothing happened.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When I was reading through chapter 1 I noticed a small part of it that made me put the book down and start thinking for about 10 minutes. This part was on page 3. It says that ‘For the next 37 seconds, Fleet and Lee stood quietly side by side, watching the ice draw nearer. Now they were almost on top of it and the ship didn’t turn’. I first thought of how they must have felt getting closer by the second to the iceberg. There hearts must have been beating fast from the shivering cold and nervousness from the iceberg. If I would have been standing there in the crows-nest, alive today I would have so many unanswered questions...

Saturday, October 12, 2019

Decentering the Self in the Technological Age Essay -- Communication I

Decentering the Self in the Technological Age In a beautiful park, at the gazebo, stand my two friends, Avatar and Lewia. The wizard is performing the ceremony, and all is going very well. After many hours of intimate chat and romantic evenings together, today Avatar and Lewia are to be married - on the internet. This is the height of immersion to MUDlife. Life on the internet is affecting more people than many of us like to admit. I am interested in discussing the reasons for and repercussions of this sort of immersion. The above description actually did occur, several years ago. It was around the time of the first real explosion of the world wide web, when the internet was reserved for "computer geeks" like myself. The internet offers hundreds of "virtual spaces" called MUDs for "Multi User Domain". Within these MUDs, users create characters for themselves and virtual worlds for their characters. Interaction is purely text-based, with few rules. The worlds are controlled by "wizards", users who have the power to "toad" or delete characters that are abusive or unruly in some other way. My (real life) friend and his girlfriend used to frequent "The Resort", a MUD for general discussion that has since been closed. My personal interest was quite limited, but I had to attend the cyber-ceremony out of respect. My internet personality, or i-dentity, was, after all, BestManChris. Inspired by a similar net-event described in Sherry Turkle's Life On The Screen, I have recently reflected on the reper cussions of that net-wedding. For people as young as we were, twelve years old, the internet and chat rooms are an escape from the control of parents and teachers; they were a chance to be more "grown up" than real life ... ...he commonly held view that communication will become increasingly personal as technology advances is challenged by the popularity of IRC as a new form of communication. People form virtual communities with loose social structure and rules in which the residents all have something in common, whether it is a wedding ceremony, hobby, or a sexual interest. The growth in the number of IRC users is too large to be ignored, and I think it is going to be central to the recreation of communities as postmodern gathering places and the continued decentering of self as electronic communication becomes more prevalent in the years to come. Works Cited Reid, Elizabeth M. Electropolis: Communication and Community On Internet Relay Chat University of Melbourne, 1991. Turkle, Sherry. Life On The Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet New York: Touchstone, 1997.

Friday, October 11, 2019

Lord of the Flies by William Golding Essay

Some people believe that it is instinct to act peacefully and caring, but others think just the opposite. Often, there is a mislead of human nature and people act upon instinct. William Golding believes that human nature is lead towards evil and destruction. The boys in The Lord of the Flies acted on the first one to make a decision, in which this case was Jack. Golding’s fundamental belief about human nature is strongly lead towards evil actions. This reminds me of the Vancouver fans article that occurred about 3 months ago. There are many reasons to why Golding’s belief is what it is now. Many examples can be seen in Brian Hutchinson’s Vancouver article. Golding uses strong examples of his belief in Lord of the Flies including when people started seeing Jack act savage, they began to think it could be okay to act savagery also. As in the Vancouver article, as soon as a few people started rioting, destroying property, and going wild, everyone else realized that they should begin to do the same because it looked okay from their perspective. Golding’s belief can clearly be seen as human nature is evil in all cases. One important reason that Golding makes about human nature in the Lord of the Flies is that there was a lack of law enforcement which forced the boys to lose mortality and act on instinct. In the beginning, the boys made rules and followed them, but eventually, one person spoke out against the rules. As soon as one person acts differently from everyone else, emotions may change for them, forcing them to lose a sense of civilization and go into savagery. â€Å"But I shall! Next time! I’ve got to get a barb on this spear! We wounded a pig and the spear fell out. If we could only make barbs—† Jack’s interest of getting saved is no longer in his mind. He has now focused on hunting with his crew. The Vancouver article was no different. Obviously the people of Vancouver didn’t kill one another but, they did terribly hurt one another. When Vancouver had lost, people began to riot, and once one person does something different, everyone else begins to wonder that maybe it’s okay to act as they are. The people of Vancouver did not realize what they were doing until it was too late. A lack of law enforcement was beginning to be seen at the streets of Vancouver. People began to realize that they could get away with looting, robbery, and destruction of their own city! The police of Vancouver did not  realize how bad the rioting was about to come. They thought that people would slowly start to stop, but the exact opposite occurred. More and more people began to destroy police vehicles, rob stores, and break windows of buildings. There was no sense of civilization in Vancouver, people acted on instinct, in which this case was turned towards evil. Civilization did not only fade away because of the lack of law enforcement. It also began to fade away because of a desire for power and control. In the beginning, the boys voted for a leader, and they voted for Ralph because he knew how to make decisions and what things needed to be done first. Jack did not like the idea of having Ralph as leader, he felt he should’ve been leader, but he went along with it until he had the opportunity to take it. Jack knew that Ralph couldn’t survive without him because Ralph relied on Jack for food. Once everyone had gone to Jack’s group, Jack took the chance and gained control of everything eventually. He wanted what was rightfully his, being the leader. Jack had this obsession with being in control that he went to the extreme of killing his own friends. There is no excuse for murder. Once Jack had control, he felt powerful. He only went on with hunting, but took everything from Ralph until he had nothing. He did this because Ralph was the only thing stopping him of being evil. So without noticing, Jack took everything away from Ralph until it was just him, and when that occurred, he tried to kill him. Jack wanted power, so Jack did whatever he had to do to become leader. The people of Vancouver acted similarly to the boys. The Canucks fans wanted the power to do whatever they wanted. They did whatever was necessary to have that feeling of control over the city. They went as far as destroying their own city, burning vehicles, and even killing one another! Law enforcement needs to be much better when in a situation like this, but there also needs to be a certain degree of control in the city. The most important reason to why Golding’s belief is evil for human nature is because of the hunger for freedom from the constraints of civilization. The boys had been living there lives following rules by their elders. They felt it was time for change. Ralph was appointed leader but the boys felt that they’d had enough of rules and orders. The boys were completely by themselves. They were getting their own food, they were making shelters, and they appointed roles for everyone to keep up with. Jack was tired of following rules, and he especially didn’t want to follow rules from someone younger than him. Jack stepped up and made his group of hunters. Slowly, more people began to see Jack as the better leader, but Ralph had been appointed leader, so there was no change to that. They were all alone on an island; there hunger for freedom had grown the longer they stayed on the island. Jack felt that on the island, there were no rules to abide by. There needed to be freedom from laws. Jack showed them that it’s better to act wild than to act civilized, which is morally wrong but was a lot more fun. In Vancouver, the citizens felt that the riot was an excuse to act differently, to act wild. People were lighting cars on fire, destroying stores, and vandalizing not anymore because Vancouver lost, but now because it was the excuse to break rules. The people of Vancouver were following rules their entire lives. This was simply an excuse to break the constraints of society and feel freedom. In conclusion, law enforcement was needed to be done in order to keep the people from becoming worse, power and control was wanted from everyone in the city because of rules set to stop everyone from wreaking havoc. â€Å"Human nature refers to the distinguishing characteristics, including ways of thinking, feeling and acting, that humans tend to have naturally.† Vancouver used to be seen as one of the safest cities in the world. This goes to show that even the worst of places can become the worst of places.

Thursday, October 10, 2019

Kant and Sexual Morality Essay

German Philosopher Immanuel Kant claimed that it is morally wrong to use a person merely as a means to your end. This judgement helps us to understand and determined sexual morality. Thomas A. Mappes supports Kant’s claims and helps to further explain Kant’s statement by defining it and introducing the idea that one must give their voluntary informed consent in order for certain actions to be moral. Mappes also illustrates that voluntary informed consent can be undermined through both deception and coercion. This helps us in the understanding of sexual morality. It is important to understand what Kant means when claiming that it is morally wrong to use another person merely as a means to your end when making the decision whether or not this statement is relevant when talking about sexual morality. The word merely is where this statement claims immorality to be. Merely meaning only and without any consideration of another person by not showing them any human respect. We use people as a means to our end in everyday situations. If we are hungry we go to a shop and buy food. We are using the shopkeepers as a means to our end, when hunger is our end. However, we are not merely using the shopkeeper as a means to our end. Thomas Mappes explains this by saying if we are treating someone merely as a means to our end, then we are not respecting him or her as human beings. Voluntary informed consent, according to Mappes (p. 73 of course book) is central to the notion of treating people merely as a means to an end. Voluntary informed consent is where the person who is being used as a means to an end has given their full permission and consent. They are aware of what the person is trying to achieve and are willing to give their consent to this. Mappes uses the example of a person who has a gun put to their head and are forced to hand over $200. Although the person has given them the money, they did not do this voluntarily, therefore did not give their voluntary informed consent. However, if the person had asked for $200 and they were given the option to give the money without being forced, and choose to hand it over as a gift, then they have given their voluntary informed consent. Voluntary informed consent is important when looking at sexual morality, as if one has not given their voluntary informed consent to a partner, then it is morally wrong to pursue any sexual acts with them. According to Mappes, Voluntary informed consent can be undermined in two ways: deception and coercion. Coercion meaning forced to make voluntary informed consent and deception being tricked into voluntary informed consent. When making a judgement on the morality of sexual behaviour it is important to consider whether deception or coercion have influenced the voluntary informed consent of the subject. If there is no voluntary informed consent, then a person is being used merely as a means to another persons end. This support Kant’s claim on morality, and is therefore immoral. Coercion into consent is easily to identify. As with the example of a person being forced to hand over $200 with the threat of a gun, they were being forced/coerced into their decision to hand over the money. When there is no voluntary informed consent, as the consent is not voluntary. Coercion can be important when determining the morality in sexual behaviour. If one is forced or blackmailed into having sex with another, this is coercive and using someone merely as a means to an end. Identifying Deception when looking at the morality of sexual behaviour, and determining whether or not it supports Kant’s claim is important before making a moral judgment. Deception is being tricked into making informed consent. And example of deception is subject A. telling subject B. that they love them, as subject A. knows that subject B. will only enter into a sexual relationship if both parties have a mutual love for one another. This is deceiving subject B. into giving their voluntary informed consent into entering a sexual relationship. This is immoral, as voluntary informed consent has been undermined by deception. When looking at Kant’s claim it is easy to determined the morality in this situation as subject as has merely used subject B in order to fulfil their sexual wants. It is also important to consider whether the decision was informed. 3. As seen in page. 76 of the course book, some could argue that a child or someone with severe learning difficulties is still able to give voluntary consent. This is true, but a child or person with severe learning difficulties is unable to give informed consent. If someone is to endeavour in sexual behaviours with a child or a person with learning difficulties, then it is clear they are using them for their own sexual gratification, and not respecting the person whom they are using. As Kant claims, this is morally unacceptable. When thinking about the morality of sexual behaviour it is hard to ignore that of homosexual relationships and/or homosexual sex. When looking at Kant’s statement that it is immoral to use another person merely as a means to your ends and Mappes further explanation of voluntary informed consent, we can establish he morality of homosexual behaviour. Michael Levin (1999 p. 125-126) claims homosexuality to be immoral. He also makes that statement that they are victims and have unflattering beliefs. Levin (1999 p. 126) claims â€Å"homosexuality is deviant†¦ [and] homosexuals have no place in the military if they weaken morale, and there are good reasons to think they do [weaken morale]† When looking at Kant’s philosophy, and his definition of morality, it becomes clear that Levins claims are assumptions, especially that homosexuals would weaken the morale in the military. There is nothing in his claims to suggest that homosexuals would coerce, deceive and use another merely as a means to their sexual ends within the military. Therefore, when looking at Kant’s claims, regardless whether a person is homosexual or heterosexual, the morality of sexual behaviour can only established when one is using another without human respect and merely as a means to their ends. John Corvino also refers to the morality of homosexual relationships. His views vary considerably from Levins. Corvino (1997 p,6) addresses the idea that homosexual sex is unnatural and therefore immoral. Corvino defends the right to a homosexual relationship by comparing the use of sexual organs to others. We have numerous uses for our mouth such as talking, eating, breathing, chewing gum etc and Corvino states that sexual organs may be useful in a relationship other than just procreation. Corvino makes reference to the churches view on sexual behaviour. Although the church disapproves of homosexual behaviour, Corvino (1997 p. 6) highlights that they do not see anything wrong with sterile couples having sex or couples who are pregnant as the church concedes that intimacy and pleasure are morally legitimate purposes for having sex. Corvino suggests that although there is no chance of procreation in homosexual sex, there is nothing immoral about it. Corvino’s view supports Kant’s claim of morality. Unless there is something to suggest one is merely being used by another sexually, then there are no grounds to suggest homosexuality is immoral. Kant’s claim that it is morally wrong to use someone merely as a means to your ends, helps us in our judgements regarding sexual morality. Through Thomas A. Mappes explanation of Kant’s claim and introducing the idea of voluntary informed consent, and how it can be undermined through deception and coercion, we are able to clearly distinguish whether or not a persons sexual behaviours are moral or not. Kant’s claim suggest that there is nothing immoral about homosexual behaviour, unless one is merely being used as an end, as in heterosexual relationships. The idea of homosexuality being unnatural had nothing to do with its morality when looking at Kant’s claim.

Wednesday, October 9, 2019

Propaganda Was an Essential Weapon In the War Against Germany Essay

Introduction During the First World War there were many aspects which effected the result of the war. Apart from the obvious confrontational conflict which took place, these took the form of fighting on the fronts war at sea and conflicts in the air. However there was also a great weapon which was utilised during the First World War by the British Empire. Propaganda was generally used in Britain to influence someone’s decision about particular issues related to the war. This seemingly subtle way of influencing people’s opinions was actually quite an effective way of influencing people’s general views. The aims of propaganda are therefore: * influence people what they think, how they think and why the think in this fashion * to maintain the support of the people * to recruit volunteer soldiers * to justify subscription to the armed forces after 1916 when subscription to the armed forces was made mandatory * to convince people that the British will win * to convince people that it is right and necessary to fight by generating ideas that the enemy is supremely evil and that getting rid of radicating this enemy is worth the cost of lives in war. * to support people in times of suffering and hardship * to instil a sense of national pride in the country, the men who were going to fight, the monarchy and the government. * Propaganda contained information on crucial things such as food shortages and to cope in these situations with only the basics amenities needed to survive and how to generate your own amenities. Formats of propaganda Posters These were very important pieces of propaganda as they had the most people looking at them. This was because posters could be easily seen from great distances, therefore a wider range of people could view the posters from further away. This actual was a very effective form of propaganda as single ‘buzz’ words could be placed on the poster and people would instantaneously know what the poster was trying to say to them. For example the poster to which I will refer to as ‘Go’, as it portrays a father type figure embracing a son like figure by the shoulders and gesturing to the horizon. The caption then reads ‘It’s your duty lad, Join to-day’. The text is in large writing and would be easily seen from a great distance away if placed on a billboard. The emphasis on this piece of propaganda is on the word ‘Go’, it is much larger than the rest of the text and during this time in the 1st World War, people did not have to read the rest of the poster to understand what was being said. Thus because of many British peoples deep seeded roots about patriotism and the fact that it was their duty to defend their country many people actively paid attention to these posters and the influenced them highly. Leaflets These were usually posted through people’s doors or handed to them in the street. Leaflets provided people with propaganda in a minimised form, which could be more personal and targeted to influence people’s views over certain topics. Detailed in formation could be placed on the leaflet which could be read on posters from far distances. These might be leaflets about food shortages, how it would effect the people and what they could do about it. Fundamentally this type of propaganda was meant to be read, minor details could be put on the leaflets, information which went into more depth about basic topics. Leaflets were also pinned in shop windows which allowed people to read the information on them as they looked into the window. Even discarded leaflets were looked at by passers-by that looked at the information, this type of propaganda was, even though it may not seem so read and acknowledged by many people. Films These programs on the idea of propaganda were shown in cinemas usually as the movie or as a preview to a movie. They were usually targeted to produced support for one type of propaganda in particular, whether it was recruitment or war bonds. Films were, although not cheap to make, very influential means of putting forth ideals of propaganda. The visuals of real people gave the watchers a sense of realism and that what they were watching was also something that they could be part of and have some kind of control over, this added to the morale of the British people. Using films it is easy to portray any image which is needed, hence better control can be achieved over what is being viewed and how the audience is accepting the ideas. The British government under the Defence Of the Realm Act could restrict the viewing of films which would be detrimental to the war effort. However if the British government could restrict what was viewed then they could promote what was viewed. Therefore movies promoting support for the war were the only type of films which were legally aloud to broadcast or shown in respect to the war. The film about the Battle of the Somme showed a staged battle where the amount of casualties sustained by the British was seemingly kept low, when in the actual battle the casualties where high on both sides, the British and French, and the Germans. The high casualties in this battle was in part due to the efforts of the tank. This was the first battle in which the notorious tank was used. Films were very popular as they were very patriotic, this went well with the British home-grown belief in patriotism. They often showed highly patriotic films which made the British public proud of their country and gave them an elated morale which in part justified their belief that the war was a good thing to be a part of. Newspapers Newspapers were the most widely read, source of propaganda in World War 1 Britain. They gave information on what was happening on the battlefields and fronts of Europe. Information was not readily available, thus sources of information about the war were scarcely available, newspapers were the choice which most people made to receive their news in the morning. Posters were also stuck in newspapers to produce propaganda to influence people’s views. Newspapers were truly the national source of information available. In the news were articles talking about the latest war event or conquest, however the facts which regarded events which had not particularly gone Britains way were not at all mentioned. The newspapers were full of stories about how great the war was going and how Britain was doing so well. When in actual fact Britain was experiencing sever amounts of casualties like in the Battle of the Somme, Britain experienced large amounts of casualties. The following is a quote from The Mirror regarding the battle of the Somme ‘Our losses are few†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦, on the other hand the Germans are many.’, this is a severely biased view if not blatant deception. The British and French forces lost colossal amounts of men at this battle. However due to the D.O.R.A this type of information should not be viewed by the British public and therefore Britain were always made to be in control of the whole war. Newspapers were effective formats for propaganda as they were nationally available and many details could be put in the newspaper about propaganda as a large amount of people would be reading the information. The amount of information which was true on the war in newspapers which was unbiased was extremely rare and limited, this was due to people such as; Mr Beaverbrook, the Minister of Information, he decided what was allowed to be known about the war to the public and what was not. He also owned a major newspaper, hence he had great control and great influence over this format of propaganda, this man restricted the editors of the newspapers to what they could and could not print. D.O.R.A The Defence Of the Realm Act. This act passed in 1914 gave the British government wide-ranging abilities to control many aspects of people’s daily lives. Land and buildings were allowed to be seized as well as industries if they were important the war effort. The defence of the realm act also restricted what the public knew about the war. It did this by censoring all of the media which was available to the public. The government also censored what was told to the British media about the war, this included censoring foreign press and foreign information. The government immediately took control of important industries to the war such as the coal industry, it did this so that the supplies from the industries could be used to support the war effort instead to private profit being given to the owners. The defence act was crucial in the way propaganda influenced people as this Act, restricted the types of propaganda available and provided the fuel for the propaganda fire. D.O.R.A was responsible for the over-exaggerated press about the tanks. If D.O.R.A had not restricted the information which was to be shared with the general public the support for the tank in the form of war bonds and recruitment would lower significantly and the general support for the war effort would also lower as morale would be lost. Hence as a part of propaganda the Defence Of the Realm Act was very important as this act secured how the war effort mainly on the home front would be marketed and justified. The British also cut the German transatlantic cables so that they could not communicate with any British media so the truth of the war would be kept a secret. The Tank This combat vehicle was used in the great as the British’s statement of power and advanced technology. Under the 1914 Defence Of the Realm Act, the British press was given the information that the tank was the Allies new secret weapon which was a main contributing factor on the home front to the British successes. In actual fact the tank was not such a successful weapon it was slow and sluggish and often got caught in mud as battles ensued making the tank an ineffective weapon in these situations. However the tank did have its positives it was a very strong vehicle which could withstand heavy fire and arsenal. Hence the tank was very good at attacking and taking the offensive however when it came to defending its acquired position and maintaining a strong barrier of defence the tank was not very good at this, it was also at fault when it came to strategic retreats. In the papers the British media projected the take as an influential weapon in the war on the home front however it was not as effective as the public thought it was. The media received over-exaggerated details of the tank’s performance as the British government wanted to keep up the morale of the public so that they would not lose faith and consequently lose their confidence in the war effort. An example of this is the battle in Cambrai in Northern France in 1917 where the British opened an attack with a raid of around 400 tanks, the first in military history of this scale. The British drove an 8 kilometre salient in the German lines however lost most of this newly acquired land due to the tank not being able to hold it’s position. The British press made this out to be a British victory, when it was actually a draw due to the British not being able to use the tanks to hold their position. The British wanted to raise morale and promote the influence of the tank by producing films such as the Dick Dolan film which was used to promote finances in the form of bonds for the British tank. The British government were actually playing the proverbial double-edged sword by not only raising morale, confidence and support for the war effort and money for the tank and the war effort on the home front, they were also giving the British public a belief, a belief that made them feel as if they were apart of the war and they influenced the war a lot. Objectives of propaganda Recruitment of men One of the primary objectives of propaganda was to recruit men to fight in the war on the home front mainly; this type of propaganda was promoted mostly during 1914-1916 before conscription was introduced in January 1916. Recruitment according to he book British Propaganda during the First World War by Sanders M and Taylor P. Recruitment was the dominant theme of domestic propaganda. This was because of the enormous casualties on the western front due to the conditions upon which war was waged of that time. During this main phase of recruitment propaganda in the first world war the PRC, Parliamentary Recruitment Committee was the most important recruitment committee. Recruitment was the main contributing factor to the enlistment of so any soldiers during the war. I believe recruitment was important as this attracted a lot of men to war when participation in the war was not mandatory. Therefore recruitment committees such as the PRC had to produce recruitment propaganda which they thought would most likely appeal to the public’s eligible soldiers as without these men the defence of the western front would not have been possible. Hence the recruitment committees used propaganda like the memorable ‘GO!†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. it’s your duty lad’, this poster depicts a mother type figure telling and gesturing to a man, which is most probably supposed to be a son like character to go and fight in the war. This poster was not only used to recruit men to join in the war effort but to tell the female members of that man’s family that this is how they should behave. They should tell their respective husbands, fathers, sons, uncles or brothers that they should go to war to defend the country. This opinion is simply justified in the poster with the words ‘It’s you duty lad’, this not only gives the person who has already decided to join the war a reason to go to war, but it also puts a morale obligation on the men who are not enlisting to go to war that they should. At the bottom of the advert is the words ‘ Join to-day’, this I believe is a final prompt to join the army. The text is obviously just as important as the picture as the mother type figure seems to be gesturing towards the words. Also the words are in an uppercase font so that if a person is far away they may not be able to see the illustration but they will see the wording. Another poster which promotes enlisting in the army but is apparent from a different approach is the ‘Daddy what did YOU do in the Great War.’ This depicts a girl child sitting on the lap of her father sometime in the future after the great war and a boy child sitting at his feet playing with some toy army vehicles. The girl is reading a book when she asks the question indicting she is reading some sort of history book. The father is obviously contemplating the question and has a worried look on his face. This image is meant to depict the child getting ready for her father’s response about he was in the war fighting for what he believed, while the father ponders how he is going to tell his proud daughter that he was a coward and did not enter the war. This plays on the conscience of the observer who will put himself in that situation. Of course this person does not want to have to play this scenario so they enlist to show they are not cowardly. This poster basically says join the army and defend your family and country and be a hero, or do not join and live your life as a coward. The advert obviously puts forward the statement that the war will not damage the sociality of Britain much as the people in the advert seem to be well off and happy. Eventually as the expectations of a short war diminished so did the amount of volunteers who were signing up to join in the war. This made the PRC obligated to produce a sustained campaign so that those who could not fight could still help in the war effort and propaganda started to be directed towards all people. Open propaganda posters were starting to be produced such as some forms of the ‘Your country needs you’ posters. These appealed to everybody as they simply said, ‘Your country needs you’, which allowed anybody to look at these posters and decide that they can do something which will in some way aid the war effort. Women and Food Rationing As well as men there was propaganda for women, some of this propaganda was used to promote the start up of the women working in fields. This was to grow crops and develop farming methods so that people could eat as there were restrictions on the amount of food which entered the country due to boats being sank on their way to bring food supplies back to the country. The women’s effort in growing crops saved the British economy money and men by farming for themselves so more money and men could be devoted to the war on the western front. Food rationing propaganda campaigns were mainly aimed at women, as they were the ones at home and they were the only option, the men could not do it as they were supposed to fighting in the war. The children could not do it, as it was hard work and a huge responsibility. Also the older generation could not do this as the might be quick enough or strong enough to do the job, this left only the women. This promotion aimed at people to grow their own food saved ships, money and men. The women who took part got out of it a sense of responsibility and pride. As well as propaganda actively advising the women to do productive things to aid in the war effort women were also wanted to tell their respective male members of their home who were eligible to fight, that they should go and join in the war. The reason why the person who persuades the man to go to war is depicted as a woman in many pictures is because women are the natural companions of men, husband-wife, and brother-sister. An example of this is the poster ‘Women of Britain say-Go!’ This depicts a women, of a motherly look being embraced by her daughter and young child while they watch their husband and father respectively go to war. This I believe is trying to show that the women who are supposed to be saying this are supposed to try to have courage and say this to their husbands, this is put forward and justified that this is the woman’s obligation to do so. Even though this advert is primarily aimed at women it’s main incentive is the recruitment of men so the importance of recruitment is still an underlying feature and so is the influence of women. Skilled Workers In 1915 the first major problems of the war arose for the government, as the war drew to a stalemate on the western front, it was realised that the planning made for munitions needed during this predicted ‘short war’ would not be sufficient to last much longer. Most worryingly to the government was there were not enough bullets, shells and armaments; this meant that the forces on the western front would be powerless to stop the German’s onslaught. New recruits and soldiers had to train with wooden sticks instead of real rifles due to this shortage. There started to be reports that soldiers had started to be limited to the amount of rounds they were allowed to use against the enemy. The name the ‘Munitions Crisis’ came about because this information was leaked to the press who found out and wrote about it in their paper, the Daily Mail had the highest circulation at that time. To prevent this the government s parties joined together to support the munitions crisis. Lloyd George was made the Minister of munitions. The skilled workforces were asked to remain in the industries that needed them and not the industry which paid them the most. The government wanted these people to stay in these work forces to help in the manufacture of munitions for the war so that it might carry on and not grind to a stand still. The propaganda for skilled workforces played on the sympathetic and dutiful side of the skilled workers it made them feel like they were turning their back on the country in its time of need. Due to the then patriotic nature of the people in those days this would have justified their minds over whether they should go where they want or go where they are needed. Hostility towards the enemy To justify the event of going to war against another country the British government used propaganda to put forth a bad image of its enemy; in almost every scenario of propaganda this was apparent and was, in every scenario, at least bias against the enemy. This propaganda was used to settle the uneasiness of the British people about war and that sometimes sacrifices have to be made to win against evil, the enemy. This type of propaganda totally justifies every aspect of war. In the propaganda leaflet ‘Red Cross or Iron Cross’, a symbol of intense cruelty is used to generate hostility towards the enemy. This picture depicts the supposed cruelty of the German people. It depicts and explains in the poster that a wounded-emphasis on this word meaning unable to defend himself, soldier lies on the floor begging for water. The nurse pours it only the floor before his very eyes while the Kaiser looks on and approves with a smile. The nurse and the Kaiser symbolise the two ends of the German people. The dictator and the nurse, the picture shows that is the two extremes of the German people are cruel then everyone in between is cruel as well. This shows that the one person who is not supposed to be biased and is generally supposed to help you is just as cruel as the Kaiser himself. She is obviously not being forced to do this and by the expression on her face she enjoys it. I believe that this form of propaganda promotes hatred towards the German people and makes people feel like they must do something to stop this ‘supposed’ evil from happening it also justifies why they are fighting in the first place. The promotion of morale Propaganda was not usually specifically used to target the promotion of morale it is just a by-product. However morale is just as important as by raising morale, interest and support for the war on the western front is increased. Morale was mainly promoted in newspaper articles where reports from the war had been written under the censorship of D.O.R.A, they usually contained biased opinions on actual events so as not to dishearten the British with any bad news. Bad news was seen as unnecessary by D.O.R.A as bad news was only detrimental to the public and that is not what they wanted they wanted full support and confidence in the war effort. When morale is high people believe in what they are doing so where war is concerned if morale is high then people believe that they are doing the right thing and that they should continue. The promotion of morale was not only advantageous to the war effort it also helped financially where it came to bonds. People, as in stocks and shares, bought into bonds they had confidence in. Tank bonds were quite popular, as the British media had been promoting the image of the tank through reports they had received, even though in actual fact the tank was not a very effective weapon at the time. This was the same with war bonds, morale was high because of reports of how well the war was going when in actual fact it was not going as well as everybody thought it was, yet there was quite a high demand for war bonds. The importance of Propaganda in the Great War John Buchan said in an extract from ‘The Pity of War’ by Niall Ferguson, †So far as Britain is concerned, the war could not have been fought for one month without its newspapers.† In part I agree with this point as propaganda was used through the news to influence peoples views. The views about the progress in the war were all constant and uniform with only a difference in the style of the description. This is due to D.O.R.A censoring what is to be seen by the general public. This constant promotion of the war with a constant supply of good news followed by great news morale was raised and therefore propaganda had served its purpose. The statement I have just written can be supported by Lord Beaverbrook’s statement,†(The newsreels were)†¦the decisive factor in maintaining the morale of the people during those black days of the early summer of 1918.† By the ‘black days’ he is referring to when the Russians surrendered, the Ludendorff offensive was put into action, Britain were retreating and the Naval restrictions and food shortages. Through all of this propaganda in the media kept the morale high throughout Britain. Propaganda during the war helped in promoting money for war bonds to keep the war going during such troubled times as when trading with other countries was restricted and the munitions crisis. Propaganda through biased promotions of how successful the defence of the home front was and how successful the tank was helped to get people interested in buying war bonds and tank bonds. So the money invested in the war was increased so better training and weaponry could be used during the war which would and did increase the chances of success. †Good propaganda saved a year of the war, and this meant the saving of thousands of millions of money and at least a million lives†, Lord Northcliffe. Due to propaganda the war was probably cut by a significant time period which saved money and lives. Propaganda used in the munition crisis saved the British from potentially losing the western front due to lack of armaments and ammunition. The civilians were the most important people in the latter war period as with conscription you had to join the war but with civilians keeping their morale up was one of the most important things during the war civilians lives and homes were destroyed, the civilians were the ones being starved. The government had to keep the support of the people during a war, which is now effecting them. Propaganda increased the amount of people involved in the war including women who helped by working on fields to grow crops to eat so that lives would be saved in that food would not have to be imported in from other countries. This would have boosted the morale of the women and saved money and lives by the production of home-grown crops. Of course propaganda was very influential and important from 1914-January 1916, when enlistment was not mandatory propaganda was used to recruit men to fight in the war, without these meant the war could not even have begun to be a war. There would have been people volunteering for the army anyway but propaganda increased this volunteer ratio which meant more men were there to fight for their country. With the high casualties of the Great War recruitment was essential. Propaganda must have been influential as a Nazi propagandist said ‘Germany lost because of propaganda’. During World War II the nazi’s used propaganda highly to their advantage to take power in Germany. However propaganda did have its limitations, people did not only depend on propaganda to win the war. The men battling against the enemy were not even effected by propaganda, as there was no point, it would be impossible to influence someone about a situation which there experiencing first hand. If propaganda was important then why was it not used on one of the most important factors, the men who were fighting. In time when the war was going on people were raised with a high sense of patriotism to their country so it is possible to say that these people may have volunteered to fight in the war no matter if they were prompted to or not. The honour in defending your family and country against the enemy was something everyone was raised to believe in, in those days. George Weill commented, ‘each of the warring nation’s persuaded itself that its government had neglected propaganda, whereas the enemy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦had been most effective’, in these other states propaganda was free to flow throughout the country and most likely it did. Therefore this argument that a country lost the war due to propaganda seems like a front. I believe this front is an excuse to take the blame off themselves by saying that we lost the war due to propaganda and not because of our ability to fight in wars. As I believe that these countries felt it would be more appropriate and less humiliating to blame something which sounds insignificant like propaganda, rather than blaming their own abilities which were considered significant aspects in defending their country. I believe that propaganda was important in the Great War but only to a certain extent, it was very good for the preparation of war but did nothing to influence the actual battles themselves. Propaganda did not help a soldier to fight better; it may have given him an incentive but did not get him to fight better. Propaganda was mainly used to influence the people in Britain, but as soon as the required task was achieved the propaganda ceased. For example once a man had enlisted as a soldier propaganda became ineffective. It was very good for raising funds, morale and hostility all the things needed to battle in the war but the eventual outcome I think was down to the people who were effected by propaganda least, the soldiers. I can put my thoughts into this analogy, propaganda is the fuel which is placed upon the wood to help a fire burn the soldiers are the fire. Without the fuel the fire burns but not as brightly or with as much vigour, however without the fire the fuel is useless.